2016同等學力申碩英語閲讀理解練習與解析
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閲讀理解：
Learning disabilities are very common. Theyaffect perhaps 10 percent of all children. Four times as many boys as girlshave learning disabilities.
Sinceabout 1970，new research has helped brain scientistsunderstand these problems better. Scientists now know there are many differentkinds of learning disabilities and that they are caused by many differentthings. There is no longer any question that all learning disabilities resultfrom differences in the way the brain is organized.
Youcannot look at a child and tell if he or she has a learning disability. Thereis no outward sign of the disorder. So some researchers began looking at thebrain itself to learn what might be wrong.
Inone study，researchers examined the brain of alearning-disabled person，who had died in an found two unusual things. One involved cells in the left side of the brain，which control language. These cells normally are white. In thelearning-disabled person，however，these cells were gray. The researchers also found that many of thenerve cells were not in a line the way they should have been. The nerve cellswere mixed together.
Thestudy was carried out under the guidance of Norman Geschwind，an early expert on learning disabilities. Doctor Geschwind proposedthat learning disabilities resulted mainly from problems in the left side ofthe brain. He believed this side of the brain failed to develop ably，he said，nerve cellsthere did not connect as they should. So the brain was like an electricaldevice in which the wires were crossed.
Otherresearchers did not examine brain tissue. Instead，theymeasured the brain’s electrical activity and made a map of the electricalsignals.
FrankDuffy experimented with this technique at Children’s Hospital Medical Center inBoston. Doctor Duffy found large differences in the brain activity of normalchildren and those with reading problems. The differences appeared throughoutthe brain. Doctor Duffy said his research is evidence that reading disabilitiesinvolve damage to a wide area of the brain，not just theleft side.
ntists found that the brain cells of a learning-disabled person differ fromthose of a normal person in .
cture and function B. color and function
and arrangement D. color and arrangement
h of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
ning disabilities may result from the unknown area of the brain.
ning disabilities may result from damage to a wide area of the brain.
ning disabilities may result from abnormal organization of brain cells.
ning disabilities may result from problems in the left side of the brain.
of the following statements are true EXCEPT that .
factors account for learning disorder
B.a learning-disabled person shows no outward signs
ing disabilities are a common problem that affects 10 percent of thepopulation
D. the brain activity of learning-disabled children isdifferent from that of normal children
or Duffy believed that .
A. he found the exact cause of learning disabilities
B. the problem of learning disabilities was not limitedto the left side of the brain
C. the problem of learning disabilities resulted fromthe left side of the brain
D. the problem of learning disabilities did not lie inthe left side of the brain
5. According to the passage we can conclude that furtherresearches should be made .
A. to investigate possible influences on braindevelopment and organization
B. to study how children learn to read and write，and use numbers
C. to help learning-disabled children to develop theirintelligence
D. to explore how the left side of thebrain functions in language learning
【答案解析】：
無學習能力的現象非常普遍。它影響了10%的兒童。無學習能力的男孩的數量是女孩的四倍。
大約從1970年以來，新的研究已經幫助腦科學家更好地探討了這一問題。科學家現在瞭解到：有很多不同種類的無學習能力，它們由許多不同的原因引起。可以肯定的是：所有的無學習能力都是由大腦組合在一起的不同方式導致的。
你不可能看一眼某個兒童就説他或她有無無學習能力症，這種疾病沒有外在表現。因此，一些研究人員開始研究大腦本身，以便了解哪個部位出了什麼問題。
在一項研究中，研究人員檢查了一個死於意外事故的無學習能力者的大腦。他們發現了兩件不尋常的事情。一件是與大腦左半部的細胞有關的，這些細胞控制語言，這些細胞在正常情況下是白色的。然而，這個無學習能力者的細胞卻是灰色的。研究人員還發現，許多神經細胞並沒有按照它們應該的方式排成一條直線，而是交織在一起。
這項研究是在諾爾曼·蓋茨維德的指導下進行的`，他是一個早期研究無學習能力的專家。蓋茨維德醫生指出，無學習能力主要是由於大腦左半部出現問題造成的。他認為，大腦的這半部分沒有正常發育。他説，神經細胞沒有按照它們應該的方式連接起來。所以，大腦就像一個線路交叉在一起的電子設備。
其他研究人員沒有對腦部組織進行研究。相反，他們檢測了腦部的電子活動，並繪製了一幅電子信號圖。
弗蘭克·達菲在波士頓的兒童醫院醫學中心用這種技術進行了試驗。他發現，正常兒童與那些無學習能力的兒童的腦部活動有很大差異。這些差異遍佈大腦。達菲醫生説，他的研究證實：無學習能力與大腦許多部位的損傷有關，而不只是與大腦的左半部有關。
1. 【正確答案】D
【考點類型】細節判斷
【解析過程】科學家們發現，沒有學習能力的人的大腦細胞和一個正常人的大腦細胞的不同在於。
A. 結構和功能 B. 顏色和功能
C. 大小排序 D. 顏色和排序
線索1：文章的第3段提到“These cells normally are white. In the learning-disabled person，however，these cells were gray.”
線索2：文章的第3段提到“The researchers also found that many of the nerve cells were not ina line the way they should have been. The nerve cells were mixed together.”
通過線索1和線索2的理解，我們可以判斷正確答案應該是選項D.
2. 【正確答案】A
【考點類型】細節判斷
【解析過程】下面哪句話是文章沒有提到的?
A. 無學習能力可能是由於大腦不被人認知的部位造成的。
B. 無學習能力可能是由於大腦許多部位受到傷害造成的。
C. 無學習能力可能是由於腦細胞的不正常組織造成的。
D. 無學習能力可能是由於大腦左側的問題。
線索1：文章的第7段提到“that reading disabilities involve damage to a wide area of thebrain，not just the left side.”表明B在原文中明確提到。
線索2：文章的第3段提到“... nerve cells were mixed together.”表明選項C在文章中出現。
線索3：文章的第5段提到“Doctor Geschwind proposed that learning disabilities resultedmainly from problems in the left side of the brain.”表明選項D在原文中明確提到。
只有選項A在原文中沒有提到。
3. 【正確答案】C
【考點類型】細節排除
【解析過程】下面哪句是不正確的?
A. 許多因素導致了無學習能力。
B. 一個沒有學習能力的人不會向外展示信號。
C. 無學習能力是一個常見的問題，影響全部人口的10%。
D. 沒有學習能力的孩子大腦的活動和正常孩子的大腦活動不同。
線索：文章的第1段提到“They affect perhaps10 percent of all children.”很清楚是佔據了所有孩子的10%，所以選項C是錯誤答案。A選項在原文的第2段“ that they are caused by many different things.”明確提到。B選項在原文第3段“There isno outward sign of the disorder.”明確提到。D選項在原文第4段“They found two unusual things...”明確提到。
4. 【正確答案】B
【考點類型】細節判斷
【解析過程】達菲醫生認為：。
A. 他發現了無學習能力的確切原因
B. 無學習能力的問題並不僅僅限於大腦的左側
C. 無學習能力的問題來自於大腦的左側
D. 無學習能力的問題不位於大腦的左側
線索：文章的最後一段提到“Doctor Duffy said his research is evidencethat reading disabilities involve damage to a wide area of the brain，not just the left side.”表明選項B是正確答案。選項C在文章中第4段提到了，但不是達菲説的。
5. 【正確答案】A
【考點類型】細節判斷
【解析過程】根據文章，我們可以得出結論：進一步的研究將應該。
A. 調查可能影響大腦發展和組織的因素
B. 去研究孩子們是如何學習讀書和習字，並且使用數字
C. 幫助無學習能力的孩子發展他們的智力
D. 去探索大腦的左半部分在語言學習時發揮的功能
這篇短文所涉及的內容主要是關於無學習能力的人的大腦的發展和組織結構，所以選項A是正確答案。
