英語寫作中漢語干擾因素有哪些

篇一：英語寫作中漢語干擾因素分析

內容摘要：本文列舉了學生英語作文中常出現的典型錯誤，分析了由於漢語干擾因素的影 響而使學生不能正確表達詞義的原因，並針對這些錯誤，提出了避免錯誤的對策，以便提高學生的英語寫作水平及寫作教學效果。

關鍵詞：漢語干擾 錯誤 分析

隨着社會的發展，越來越多的人意識到英語寫作無論在學校的英語學習中還是在實際的社會工作中都十分重要。英語寫作能力的高低能體現出學生英語綜合素質。英語寫作日趨重要。然而他卻是英語教學中的薄弱環節。由於中英文化背景的差異所造成的思維方式的不同以及寫作角度、方法、用詞等的不同，使中國學生在寫英語作文時出現了許多錯誤。

分析英語寫作中漢語干擾對學生學習外語的影響，無論是從理論上看還是從教學實踐上看，都將是大有益處的。漢語干擾致錯原因有以下幾個主要方面:

一、因認識角度和使用形象不同造成錯誤

在學習英語寫作的過程中，學生由於對漢英語言、文化間的差異，不同文化背景所產生的不同思維方式不甚瞭解，經常用漢語思維，導致用詞錯誤。例如：“紅茶”被寫成“red tea”，英語應為“black tea”。“黑眼珠”被寫成“black eye ”, 應為“dark brown eye ”。 因為英語中“black eye ”意為“被打得發青的眼圈”。在用英語寫作過程中，不少學生由於英語語言功底較差，還不能用英語思考，經常先在腦海裏用漢語構思，然後將構思好的漢語腹稿譯成英語。這種機械的對應思考方法，往往造成嚴重的用詞錯誤。例如，在“Excessive smoking will injure your body.”中，“body”在英語中作“軀體”講，而漢語“身體”有兩重意思，一是指“軀體”，二是指“身體健康狀況”。該句表達的意思顯然是指“身體狀況”，但由於受漢語影響，而誤用了“body”，所以應將“body” 改為“health”。另外，由於英漢語言使用的形象不同，兩個民族的思維習慣不同也造成了許多語言錯誤。例如，“熟睡”被寫成“sleep like a dead pig/dog”英語為“sleep like a top/log”。“大海撈針”被寫成“Look for a needle in the sea.”，應為“Look for a needle in a haystack.”。

二．因表達方式不同造成的錯誤

英、漢兩個民族有時對某些事物和現象的認識角度、思路都是相同的，但是由於表達方式不同也造成了一些錯誤。

1、詞形錯誤。漢語的名詞詞形一般不分單、複數，也無可數、不可數之別。因此出現主謂不一致、遺漏第三人稱單數現在時形態的錯誤。漢語中，主謂間不存在數的關係，謂語沒有第三人稱單數問題。因此，謂語部分不需要因為主語而

Chinese mania

Let’s talk about my ideas for Chinese mania

As a Chinese, I'm very pride for more and more foreigners to learn Chinese it reflects our economic development in a sense. Take America as an example, From kindergartens to a high schools, There is a rapid rise in interesting among American pupils to study the Chinese language. On the other hand, over two hundred Confucius institutes have been set up in 69 countries, from TV we can see many foreigner take part in learn Chinese

The number of foreign students who are attracted by the mysterious and charming language and come to china learning Chinese also increases steadily every year. So is Chinese mania good or bad.

Why is the Chinese language study becoming so popularThere are some reasons. First, Chinese has long history full of legends. Second, Chinese is spoken by the largest population in the world. Third, China has rise it’s international influence ,furthermore the rapid economic development dramatically. Third, as for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games has provided a good chance to show the Chinese culture and thus attracted more foreigners leaning

Chinese.

However, while Chinese is a fever among foreigners, many students tend to ignore the importance of their mother tongue, grammatical mistakes constantly occur in their essays, not to mention coarse wording and improper style, So, we should learn our mother tongue well first, and then take the responsibility to popularize it.

大學聯考英語試題中的書面表達不僅是考生們得分的一個重要部分，更是讓他們頭疼的一種題型，英語書面表達題佔了25分，這讓教師和學生們在頭疼之餘又不得不去面對，而縱覽學生的答題卷和平時書面表達的作業時，你會發現除了拼寫等一些基本錯誤之外，最常見的要數“中國式英語”（chiglish）的錯誤，也就是句子表達不符合英語語言習慣，該採取哪些措施來減少這種錯誤，指導學生寫好英語作文呢？

英語和漢語分屬兩種不同語系的語言，兩者之間的差異性大於相似性。大量的研究表明，學生英語寫作中的漢語句法遷移現象非常普遍。因此，對這些現象進行歸類、分析並探討其產生的原因，具有重要的理論價值。

1漢語環境影響英語寫作的幾個方面

1.1詞彙方面

如果把寫英語作文比作建樓房的話，英語詞彙在英語寫作中起着磚、瓦的作用，是句子的最基本的組成部分，所以詞彙是我們高中英語教學中的重點，單詞聽寫是課堂教學必不可少的一個環節，但學生的詞彙量畢竟有限，遇到問題時，便會用漢語詞彙去補充英語詞彙的空缺。

例如：交通十分繁忙。誤：The traffic is busy. 正：The traffic is heavy.

她和一位教授結婚了。誤：She married with a professor.

正：She married a professor.

英語詞語的詞義往往比較複雜，並和漢語有着一定區別。這種不同就會會導致學生僅把寫作當作一詞一句的翻譯來做，結果是事倍功半。

1.2語法方面

英語中難點就是時態，語態的掌握。英語中常用時態共十六種，語態分為主動語態與被動語態，語氣有陳述語氣與虛擬語氣之分。不同的時態有它特有的句法結構。如現在進行時態使用be＋v－ing形式來表示。現在完成時則用have／has ＋p．p來表示。一般將來時則用shall／will／be going to＋v來表示。英語中時間意義的表達是通過動詞的時和體來加以反映，而漢語中不存在時、體等，漢語則依靠表示時間的副詞（如“曾經”、“正在”、“已經”、“將要”）作狀語，或利用虛詞“了”、“着”、“過”等作補語這一語法手段來體現，動詞本身無任何變化。在英語中，“already”和“ever”常常用在完成時態之中，不能與表示過去的時間狀語連用。學生常常把上述句子錯譯成“Yesterday I have been to the park．”“Five years ago，they have known each other．”又如在英語中，我們常常用否定前置來

With China's reforming and opening, China's economy has developed rapidly. More and more countries are willing to cooperate with China in economy, culture and even politics, especially after the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. We can see that Chinese cultural factors are more and more popular all around the

world. Chinese language, one of the important marks of Chinese culture, which is also popular among foreigners. We are glad to see that more and more foreigners like learning and understanding Chinese.

Will Chinese become a global languageAs far as I'm concerned, Chinese won't be a global language. Firstly, the word-formation of Chinese is more complicated than that of English and Chinese characters are complicated , it's difficult for foreigners to read and write, let alone to 's really a barrier to the spreading of Chinese. Secondly, Chinses language stands for Chinese culture in a way and what we all know is that China is a country with more than 5000 years of history, its culture is broad and profound, bountiful. If a foreigner who wants to talk with Chinese in Chinese, a better knowledge of Chinese culture is needed, it's a time-consuming work as well. Last but not least, the history of English as a global language is long and the teaching system of English as a foreign language is complete compared with that of Chinese. Now, there are many programs of Chinese as a foreign language, such as Confucius Institutes, Chinese Bridge and so on. In China, now, Teaching Chinese As a Foreign Language is even a major. But in fact, they're just at a preliminary stage.

As we are Chinese, we are proud to see that more and more foreigners are fond of learning our mother tongue. However, as a matter of fact, there is a long way to go for Chinese being a global language and there is no doubt that we should still learn by heart even if we are Chinese.

The popularity of Chinese

In recent years, learning Chinese has become popular among people around the world, with the rapid development of economy in China. According to the official report in the last year, there are about 3000 high school in 109 countries offer a course on Chinese. Another data has proved students who learn Chinese not only from Southeast Asia but also from western countries.

There are many reasons why more and more people are crazy about learning Chinese. Firstly, as the improvement of the Chinese economy, learning Chinese will facilitate the economic trade contact and enhance the friendship with other countries. Secondly, many experts focus on ancient Chinese literature for Chinese civilization is one of the oldest in the world. Learning Chinese has become a necessary tool for them. Thirdly, due to the plenty of natural landscapes and sceneries of humanities in China, a lot of foreign tourists start to travel in China, showing great interests in learning Chinese.

In addition, several Confucius Institutes have been established in many countries these years by Chinese government more and more foreign students have the access to understand Chinese language culture, which provides an important platform for culture exchange. With the changes of China’s internal standing and influence, we not only let the world know more of China, but also need to know more about the rest of world.

As we all known, learning Chinese is gaining more and more popularity among the people in the whole world. It can’t take away from people who are fully bent upon the dissemination of Chinese culture all over the world. With join efforts, I am sure china will have a better tomorrow.

大學英語作文是衡量學生英語綜合水平和應用能力的一個重要指標，也是大學四級考試的一個重要內容。在整個四級卷面（滿分為100分）中佔15分，考生在這一部分的得分直接決定其四級成績。近年來國家教委又明確規定，四級考試中，如果學生作文得零分，那麼即使前面得了滿分（即85分），其總成績仍將視為不及格。因此寫好一篇文章對參加四級考試的學生來説可謂至關重要，不容輕視。

作文不理想的原因很多，總的看來主要有以下幾個方面的問題：

第一、英語底子太薄。底子太薄主要表現為對語法知識掌握不牢及對基本詞彙記憶不清。它包括定冠詞和不定冠詞的濫用，主謂不一致，單複數搞不清楚（例如：a people等），時態和語態混亂及詞語的各種形式掌握不牢。有的學生文章寫得很長，字跡也很工整，但是讀完之後只覺得思路紊亂，支離破碎，沒有一個完整的句子，所以也就只能得兩三分以慰勞苦。 (整理收集:英語)

第二、詞彙量太小，且對已學詞彙記憶不清。除了底子太薄這個歷史原因之外，學生詞彙量太小也是一個不容忽視的原因。有的學生漢語功底很好，用漢語作文，他們就會思如泉湧，下筆千言，但是一到用英語作文就好像被縛住了手腳，不知如何下手。比如99年1月的作文，題目是＂Don't Hesitate to Say No＂, 大部分學生能夠領會題意並能按給出的漢語提綱作文，但有的學生連Hesitate是什麼意思都不知道，更不用説在此基礎上再作發揮了。另外有的學生雖然對題目及要求非常清楚，但是因為自己所掌握的詞彙所限，無法用一些合適的詞來表達自己的思想，於是只有繞着題目翻來覆去亂説一氣，再加上這次出的作文提綱就象一道繞口令： (收集:)，詳細出處請參考：/zuowen/siji/

nize your thoughts before writing: brainstorm、make an outline、etc.

下筆前整合思緒：腦力激盪，寫出綱要等。

(英語收集整理)

e clearly. Be concise. Avoid wordiness.

寫作清晰，務必精簡，避免贅言。 ()，詳細出處請參考/zuowen/siji/

四六級寫作常見句型

（1）用於描寫漫畫、圖表的常用句型

①As the graph depicts , …

②From the cartoon /picture , we can see that …

③According to the statistics shown in the first /second graph ,

④The table shows / indicates / reveals that …

⑤It can be seen /concluded from the picture / table / figures that … ：

（2）用於句首提出論題或現象的句型

①Recently , …has become the focus of the society .

②…has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life .

③Nowadays there is a growing concern for …

④Nowadays it is common to hear /see …

⑤…has become a common occurrence in our daily life .

⑥Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of … ⑦It is only during the last /past few years that man has become generally aware that … ⑧There is an old / popular saying / proverb which says / goes …

⑨In recent years , there is a general tendency …

⑩Nowadays … has become a problem we have to face .

（3）用於比較、闡述不同觀點的常用句型

①Some people like / prefer …, while others are / feel inclined to …

②There are different opinions among people as to … Some believe … whole hold …

③Some people claim that … is superior to … Others , however , disagree with it .

④Some people believe … Others maintain … Still others claim …

⑤Some people suggest … Others , however , hold the opposite opinion .

⑥On the one hand , people tend to … On the other hand , they feel …

⑦Some people argue that … Others , in contrast , believe that …

⑧Although more and more people come to believe … there are still others who insist that … ⑨On the contrary , there are people in favor of …

⑩There are some people who hold different opinions about …

（4）用於陳述個人觀點/想法的常用句型

①My own experience tells me that …

②In my opinion , we should attack more importance to …

③As for my own idea about … I believe …

④As far as I am concerned , I plan to …

⑤Personally , I prefer …

⑥In my view , both sides are partly right in that …

⑦But for me , I would rather …

⑧My own point of view is that …

⑨In conclusion , I support the statement that …

⑩As regards me , I tend to choose …

（5）用於書信寫作的常用句型

①Thank you for your letter of …

②It is a pleasure for me invite you on behalf of … to accept …

③Thanks so much for your letter , which arrived …

④I am writing to you with reference to …

⑤I am writing to you in connection with …

⑥I would be grateful if you could / would …

⑦I would like to know some information on …

⑧It will be appreciated if you can / could …

⑨I would also like to know if you can / could …

⑩I look forward to hearing from you .

（6）用於結尾的常用句型

①From what has been discussed / mentioned above , we may conclude that …

②Therefore , it is not difficult to draw / come to the conclusion that …

③It is high time that something was done about …

④From all the reasons / consideration above , it is evident / clear / obvious that …

⑤Taking into account all these factors , we may reach the conclusion that …

⑥Given the reasons / consideration I have just outlined / discussed / presented , I strongly recommend that …

⑦It is clear , therefore , that …

⑧All in all ,what really matters is , in fact , to …

⑨It is essential that effective measure be taken to …

⑩From what has been discussed above , we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that … ⑾ In conclusion ,the most important is …

⑿ On the whole , it is high time that every one …

⒀ As a result , we should take some effective steps to …

⒁ Judging by the figures / statistics , it is not difficult to see that …

⒂ Only in this way / in so doing , can be really …

四六級寫作基本句式

以下是短文寫作中使用率最高、覆蓋面最廣的基本句式，每組句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根據自己的情況選擇其中的1－2個，做到能夠熟練正確地仿寫或套用。

1．表示原因

1）There are three reasons for this．

2）The reasons for this are as follows．

3）The reason for this is obvious．

4）The reason for this is not far to seek．

5）The reason for this is that．．．

6）We have good reason to believe that．．．

例如：

There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life. Firstly, people’s living standard has been greatly improved. Secondly, most people are well paid, and they can afford what they need or like. Last but not least, more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life

注：如考生寫第一個句子沒有把握，可將其改寫成兩個句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．這樣寫可以避免套用中的表達失誤。

[摘 要]本文結合教學實踐，闡述了實施新課程標準後，如何在英語寫作中不受漢語的干擾，使學生的英語寫作水平提高。

[關鍵詞]新課程標準 學習情境 教學細節 有效性

學生寫英語作文時常出現典型錯誤，由於漢語干擾因素的影

響而使學生不能正確表達詞義，並針對這些錯誤，提出避免錯誤的對策，以便提高學生的英語寫作水平及寫作教學效果。

英語寫作無論在學校的`英語學習中還是在實際的社會工作

中都十分重要。英語寫作能力的高低能體現出學生英語綜合素質。英語寫作日趨重要。然而他卻是英語教學中的薄弱環節。由於中英文化背景的差異所造成的思維方式的不同以及寫作角度、方法、用詞等的不同，使中國學生在寫英語作文時出現了許多錯誤。

例如，漢語認為“一陣大雨”，英語寫成“a he

avy rain”，

不能寫成“a big rain ”。“昨天晚上”英語只能説“last night”。 不能説“yesterday night”。由於漢語干擾，學生照漢語思維直譯，導致了表達錯誤和不地道、不準確的英語表達。比如，學生把“你的來信收到了”寫成“Your letter has received.”，這是從漢語直譯出來的，因為英語中物作主語時，應該用被動語態，

應寫成“Your letter has been received.”。

從以上例子可以看出，漢語干擾乃是導致表達錯誤的一個主

要原因。分析英語寫作中漢語干擾對學生學習外語的影響，無論

是從理論上看還是從教學實踐上看，都將是大有益處的。漢語幹

擾致錯原因有以下幾個主要方面:

(一) 因認識角度和使用形象不同造成錯誤

在學習英語寫作的過程中，學生由於對漢英語言、文化間的差

異，不同文化背景所產生的不同思維方式不甚瞭解，經常用漢語

思維，導致用詞錯誤。例如：“紅茶”被寫成“red tea”，英語

應為“black tea”。“黑眼珠”被寫成“black eye ”, 應為“dark

brown eye ”。 因為英語中“black eye ”意為“被打得發青的

眼圈”。在用英語寫作過程中，不少學生由於英語語言功底較差，

還不能用英語思考，經常先在腦海裏用漢語構思，然後將構思好

的漢語腹稿譯成英語。這種機械的對應思考方法，往往造成嚴重

的用詞錯誤。例如，在“Excessive smoking will injure your

body.”中，“body”在英語中作“軀體”講，而漢語“身體”有

兩重意思，一是指“軀體”，二是指“身體健康狀況”。該句表達

的意思顯然是指“身體狀況”，但由於受漢語影響，而誤用了

“body”，所以應將“body” 改為“health”。

(二) 因表達方式不同造成的錯誤

英、漢兩個民族有時對某些事物和現象的認識角度、思路都是

相同的，但是由於表達方式不同也造成了一些錯誤。

1．詞形錯誤

漢語的名詞詞形一般不分單、複數，也無可數、不可數之別。因此出現主謂不一致、遺漏第三人稱單數現在時形態的錯誤。漢語中，主謂間不存在數的關係，謂語沒有第三人稱單數問題。因此，謂語部分不需要因為主語而做數的調整。由於漢語習慣的影響，學生會寫出這樣的句子：

（1）The streets are full of garbages.

（2）He speak fast.

在例句（1）中，garbage被當作可數名詞，其實它是不可數名詞。在例句（2）中,speak應為第三人稱單數speaks。

2．詞性錯誤

有時學生只注意所選詞的詞義，而忽視了該詞的詞性，常造成句子不合乎語法規範的用詞錯誤。例如：

（1）My father adviced me not to go out alone at night.

（2）My roommate doesn’t afraid of dogs.

例句（1）把名詞誤用為動詞，例句（2）把形容詞誤用為動詞。這是由於有些學生基礎不牢，對某些常用詞不認真考證，隨手寫來，又檢查不出錯，導致誤用詞性卻渾然不覺。

3． 虛詞錯誤

英語虛詞包括冠詞、介詞和連詞。有時，由於受漢語的影響，學生在使用虛詞時常用錯。例如，

（1）Although I like my college, but I miss my home.

(2) He arrived Tokyo yesterday.

(3) I bought the dictionary in 1980s.

在例句（1）中，由於受漢語“雖然。。。但是”結構影響而出錯。英語中althoughbut 只能用一個。例句（2）中是不及物動詞，其後一定要用前置詞in 或at,所以在arrive 後加in。例句（3）的錯誤是，英語中“。。。年代”前應用定冠詞，所以原句應改為 “in the 1980s”。

4． 誤解詞義導致錯誤

英語寫作要求作者有較深的語言功底，即詞彙基礎和語法基礎等。選用自己沒有完全掌握詞義或用法的單詞組詞造句，是造成用詞錯誤的原因之一。另外，英、漢兩種語言中，均有一詞多義和一義多詞的現象。對同義詞、近義詞的細微差別分辨不清是導致這類錯誤發生的原因。例如：

（1）The young man always puts on a white jacket.

（2）Both salt and sugar are easy to melt in hot water. 在例句（1）中put on 雖有“穿”的意思，但該動詞詞組僅表示穿的動作，不表示穿的狀態，該句子表達的意思是“穿着”，而不是“穿上”，應改為wears a white jacket。在例句（2）中，melt常指物體經過加熱後熔化或者指易溶物質受熱溶化，不指溶質在溶劑中溶解，melt應改為dissolve。

5．不注意語境導致的錯誤

語境在很大程度上制約着用詞。語境不同，用詞也不同，因此寫

作時要選用適合上下文的詞語來遣詞造句。如不注意語境對選詞的影響，就可能因用詞不當而寫出前後矛盾、不合邏輯的句子。選詞與語言環境不適宜，就會用詞不當。例如：

（1）The ice cream melted away in the plate.

（2）Would you mind opening the gateThe air in the room is too close.

例句（1）中，melt away的含義是“融化並消失”，而盤中的冰淇淋只是融化了，並沒有消失，應把melt away改為melt。例句（2）中gate指“院落的大門”，一般不用於指房門。從上下文看，説話者指得是房門，所以應改為door。

6．指代不明

英文寫作中代詞同它所指代的先行詞之間關係要明確無誤，否則句子的連貫性就會受到破壞，句子的含義就會模糊不清，甚至引起誤解。在“She told my sister she was wrong ”句中，第二個she可以指主語，也可以指 my sister ，指代不明確。可改為“ You are wrong ,”she said to my sister.或“ I’m wrong, ”she said to my sister.

以上列舉了學生常出現的錯誤，分析了學生受漢語干擾致錯的原因，其目的是為了更好地糾正錯誤。任何人都會不可避免地出現錯誤，只要我們不斷髮現和糾正錯誤，就能減少和排除干擾，克服教學中的盲目性。英語基礎不紮實是寫作出錯的關鍵，所以提高寫作水平必須叢基礎抓起，必須加強基礎語法與句型的訓