被動語態的定義及其應用
被動語態是動詞的一種形式,用以説明主語與謂語動詞之間的關係。英語的語態共有兩種:主動語態和被動語態。 下面是本站小編給大家整理的被動語態的簡介,希望能幫到大家!
被動語態的定義在英語中,被動語態使用得比漢語要多,要普遍,但大多數句子都使用主動語態。被動語態在英語中極為重要。許多課本及考試乃至實際應用中都常常涉及到這個問題。一般説來,當強調動作承受者,不必説出執行者或含糊不清的執行者時,多用被動語態。需要注意的是,許多地方與漢語不同。注意:那些漢語中有“被……”的短語往往又不是被動語態,而是主系表結構。還有些特殊現象,如:“known to me的意思,英語卻應該用被動態。還要注意,英語的被動語態往往由“by”引出,而有用介詞“by on foot”步行(美國人有時用“by foot”),“in carriage”(乘四輪馬車)等等。還有假主動,真被動的十幾個常用詞的用法,以及“so heavy to carry”而不用“so heavy to be carried”等習慣用法。有關這類情況,做到心中有數對全面掌握被動語態,準確無誤地解答習題非常關鍵,被動態必須涉及的是動詞的各種時態變化的問題。英語的時態本來很複雜,怎樣記住各自的被動形式呢?首先要明確“將來進行無被動,現在完成時進行同”。這兩種時態無被動形式。
另外,不及物動詞帶有同原賓語的動詞,反身代詞的.動詞和系動詞都無被動形式。即便如此,還有不定式,動名詞,分詞,以及它們的複合結構的被動態,再加上情態動詞,助動詞以及它們的疑問式和否定式從中摻雜。下面口訣就以動詞“do”為例,即“do、did”過去式“done”過去分詞,以口訣形式總結各種時態的被動態。一定對你有所啟示。 當然了,被動語態也可以概括為“be done”。也就是“be+過去分詞”。
被動語態的應用一般用法
1.一般現在時的被動語態構成:is / am / are +及物動詞的過去分詞
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard by my mother.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2.一般過去時的被動語態構成:was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞
The new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3.現在完成時的被動語態構成:has / have + been +及物動詞的過去分詞
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4.一般將來時的被動語態構成:will+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5.含有情態動詞的被動語態構成:情態動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6.現在進行時的被動語態構成:am / is / are + being +及物動詞的過去分詞
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7.不定式的被動語態:to + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
There are two books to be read. →
There are twenty more trees to be planted.
特殊用法
1.不及物動詞無被動語態。 如:happen, break down, come out......
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2.有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。 如: write, sell, ride.....
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3.感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式,主動語態中不帶“to”,但變為被動語態時,須加上“to”。
例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4.如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態時,直接賓語(物)作主語,那麼動詞後要用介詞,這個介詞是由與其搭配的動詞決定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5.一些動詞短語用於被動語態時,動詞短語應當看作一個整體,而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
構成
be+done.
被動語態的口訣一般現在時、一般過去時用be +及物動詞的.過去分詞,be有人稱、時、數變。
完成時態have(has)done,被動將been加中間。
一般將來shall(will)do,被動變do為be done。
將來進行無被動,shall(will)be doing。
現在完成時,被動 have(has)been done。
現、過進行be doing,被動be加being done。
情、助、有、是妥安排,一律隨新主語變。
否定助後加not,疑問一助置主前。
主語恰是疑問詞,直陳語序主在前。
一般情助加be done,雙賓多將間賓變。
複合賓語賓變主,賓補、主補相應變。