2016年公共英語pets二級口語語法複習
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數詞用法舉要
1)倍數表示法
a. 主語+謂語+倍數(或分數)+ as + adj. + as.例如
I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那麼多。
b. 主語+謂語+倍數(分數)+ the size (amount，length…) of…。例如：
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。
c. 主語+謂語+倍數(分數)+ 形容詞(副詞)比較級+ than…。例如：
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
今年比去年糧食產量增加8%.
2)分數表示法的構成：基數詞代表分子，序數詞代表分母。分子大於1時，分子的序數詞用
單數，分母序數詞用複數。例如：
1/3 one-third;3/37 three and three-sevenths.
副詞、形容詞
1.形容詞及其用法
1)表語形容詞只能作表語，這類形容詞沒有級的變化，也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數以a開頭的形容詞都屬於這一類。例如：afraid，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake等。
2)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時，要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時，要放在這些詞之後。例如：something nice.
2.以-ly結尾的形容詞
大部分形容詞加-ly可構成副詞。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍為形容詞。
3.用形容詞表示類別和整體
1)某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人，與謂語動詞的複數連接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。例如：
The poor are losing hope. 窮人行將失去希望。
2)有關國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體，與動詞的複數連用，如the British，the English，the French，the Chinese等。例如：
The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英國人頗有幽默感。
4.形容詞與副詞的比較級
常見的雙音節或多音節詞，在前面加more，most來構成比較級和最高級important/ easily more important/ more easily most important/ most easily
+ 形容詞或副詞原級+ as
1)在否定句或疑問句中可用so… as.例如：
He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他沒你跑得快。
2)用表示倍數的'詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語時，放在as的前面。例如：
This room is twice as big as that one. 這房間的面積是那間的兩倍。
Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房間和我的一樣大。
3)倍數+ as + adj. + as 倍數+ the … + of.例如：
This bridge is three times as long as that one. 這座橋的長度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房間是我的兩倍大。
Your room is twice the size of mine.
6.可修飾比較級的詞常用的有a little，rather，much，far，many，等Nanjing is a little/rather/much/far/ hotter than Shanghai.如果後接名詞時，much more +不可數名詞，many more +可數名詞複數。
I have many more books than Tom.
There is much more water in the south than in the north.
7. the + 最高級+ 比較範圍
1)形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞the，副詞最高級前可不用。例如：
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。
形容詞most前面沒有the，不表示最高級的含義，只表示“非常”。例如：
It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 這是個很重要的問題。
2)by far一般修飾最高級，
This question is by far the most difficult in this exercise. 這道題是這個練習裏最難的。
注意：最高級的意義有時可以用比較級表示出來。例如：
Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 馬克是班上最聰明的。
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. 馬克是班上最聰明的。
8. 和more有關的詞組
the more…the more… 越……越……。例如：
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make. 越努力，進步越大。、
連詞重點用法
1.表示並列關係的連詞有：and，both…and…，not only… but also…和neither…nor…
1)and的特別用法：
祈使句後連接and，有條件句作用，此時and=if you…，you'll…
Go straight on, and you'll see the library.==If you go straight on, you will see the library.
2)both…and…既…也…，(兩者)都…
…and…謂語動詞一般用複數。
Both Jim and Kate are from England.
…and…否定句表示部分否定。
Both my father and my mother aren't doctors.我的父母只有一個人是醫生。
3)neither…nor…：既不…也不…
neither…nor…連接兩個並列主語時，謂語動詞靠近哪個主語就與哪個主語保持“人稱”和“數”的一致，即採取就近原則。Neither I nor he has seen the play before.
4)not only…but also…：不但…而且…
not only…but also…連接兩個主語後的謂語動詞也遵循就近原則。
Not only the mother but also the children are ill.
2.表示轉折關係的連詞有：but，however，yet，still，while等。
Mary was a nice girl, but she had one shortcoming.
Tom got up early, yet he failed to catch the train.
He was very tired, still he kept on walking.
Your composition is fairly good, however, there is still some room for improvement.
Jane is hard working, while her sister is quite lazy.
3.表示選擇關係的並列連詞有：or，either…or…，whether… or…等。
1)or：或、否則
A：基本用法
or 表示“或” 的意思，使用於兩者之中選擇一個的時候。
----Is your friend English or American? ----American.
He doesn't like dumplings or noodles.
B：特別用法
祁使句後連接or，表“如果…，否則…”，有轉折的意思，此時or =if you don't …，you’ll …
Hurry up, or you'll be late.=If you don’t hurry up, you'll be late.
2)either…or…：或者…或者…;不是…就是…;要麼…要麼…
A. either…or…連接兩個並列主語時，謂語動詞靠近哪個主語就與哪個主語保持“人稱”和“數”的一致，即就近原則。
Either you or I am right. Does either she or they like English?
B. 由either…or…引導的否定句是完全否定。
She isn't either a student or a teacher.
3)whether…or…不管…還是…
She is always cheerful, whether at home or at school.
4.表示因果關係的並列連詞有：for(因為)，so(所以)。
He is not at school today, for he has a bad cold.
It was late, so I went home.
5.引導時間狀語從句的從屬連詞有：before，after，when，while，as，till，until，since，as soon as
After they had planted their crops, they took a rest.
We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us.
As soon as he gets to Beijing, he'll call me.
1)as 表示“當……時”，引導一個持續性動作，多用於主從句動作同時發生，強調“一邊……一邊”。He sang as he walked.
2)until用法：當主句謂語動詞是延續性動詞時，主從句都用肯定式，譯為“直到……為止”;
當主句謂語動詞是瞬間動詞時，主句用否定式，從句用肯定式，即not…until， 譯為“直到……才”。
Mr. Green waited until his children came back.(格林先生一直等到他的孩子們回來)
Mr. Green didn't go to bed until his children came back. (格林先生直到他的孩子們回來才睡覺)
6. 引導條件狀語從句的從屬連詞有：if(如果)，unless(除非，如果……不)等。
If you don't go soon. you’ll be late.=Unless you go soon, you'll be late.
7.引導原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有because，as，since等。
because“因為”語氣最強，回答why提問時只能用because，其引導的從句可放在句首或句末;as“由於”、since“既然”語氣不如because強，引導的從句常置於句首;for是並列連詞，語氣最弱，對前面分句加以解釋或補充説明，其引導的分句常置於句末且用逗號隔開。
He didn't go to school because he was ill.
As it was raining, we went there by bus.
Since everybody is here, let's begin.
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.
注意：because與so不能同時使用。
8.引導讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞有：although/though(雖然，儘管)，even though/if (即使)
Although/ Though it is a very young country, it is very rich.
Even if/ though you were here yesterday, you couldn't help him.
注意：although/though 引導的從句不能與but連用，但可與yet，still連用。
9.引導目的狀語從句的從屬連詞有so that和in order that(以便，為了)等。
The teacher spoke loudly so that /in order that we could hear him clearly.
10.引導結果狀語從句的從屬連詞有：so that(結果是)和so/such…that…(如此…以至於)等。
It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze.
He got there so early that he got a good seat.
It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it.
11.引導比較狀語從句的連詞：as…as…(與…一樣)，not as/so… as…(不如)，than(比)等。
I know you better than she does.
He works as carefully as she.
I can't run as/so fast as you.
注意：在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，如果主句是將來時，從句要用一般現在時。
I'll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow.
He won't come unless he is invited.
