英語四級閲讀理解基礎練習題及答案

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Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.

You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

Robot Management　　A. Robots have been the stuff of science fiction for so long that it is surprisingly hard to see them as the stuff of management fact. A Czech playwright, Karel Capek, gave them their name in 1920 (from the Slavonic word for "work" ). An American writer, Isaac Asimov, confronted them with their most memorable dilemmas.

Hollywood turned them into superheroes and supervillains. When some film critics drew up lists of Hollywood's 50 greatest good guys and 50 greatest baddies, the only character to appear on both lists was a robot, the Terminator.

B. It is time for management thinkers to catch up with science-fiction writers. Robots have been doing auxiliary jobs on production lines since the 1960s. The world already has more than lm industrial robots. There is now an acceleration in the rates at which they are becoming both cleverer and cheaper: an explosive combination.

Robots are learning to interact with the world around them. Their ability to see things is getting ever closer to that of humans, as is their capacity to ingest information and act on it. Tomorrow's robots will increasingly take on delicate, complex tasks. And instead of being imprisoned in cages to stop them colliding with people, they will be free to wander.

C. America's armed forces have blazed a trail here. They now have no fewer than 12,000 robots serving in their ranks. Peter Singer, of the Brookings Institution, a think-tank (智囊團), says mankind's 5,000-year monopoly on the fighting of war is breaking down. Recent additions to the battlefield include tiny "insects" that perform reconnaissance (偵查) missions and giant "dogs" to terrify enemies. The Pentagon is also working on the EATR, a robot that fuels itself by eating whatever biomass (生物量) it finds around it.

D. But the civilian world cannot be far behind. Who better to clean sewers or suck up nuclear waste than these remarkable machines? The Japanese have made surprisingly little use of robots to clear up after the recent earthquake, given their world leadership in this area. They say that they had the wrong sort of robots in the wrong places. But they have issued a global call for robotic assistance and are likely to put more robots to work shortly.

E. As robots advance into the service industries they are starting to look less like machines and more like living creatures. The Paro (made by AIST, a Japanese research agency) is shaped like a baby seal and responds to attention. Honda's robot, ASIMO, is humanoid and can walk, talk and respond to commands.

l now executives have largely ignored robots, regarding them as an engineering rather than a management problem. This cannot go on: robots are becoming too powerful and ubiquitous (無處不在的). Companies may need to rethink their strategies as they gain access to these new sorts of workers. Do they really need to outsource production to China, for example, when they have clever machines that work ceaselessly without pay? They certainly need to rethink their human-resources policies--starting by questioning whether they should have departments devoted to purely human resources.

first issue is how to manage the robots themselves. Asimov laid down the basic rule in 1942: no robot should harm a human. This rule has been reinforced by recent technological improvements: robots are now much more sensitive to their surroundings and can be instructed to avoid hitting people. But the Pentagon's plans make all this a bit more complicated: many of its robots will be, in essence, killing machines.

H. A second question is how to manage the homo side of homo-robo relations. Workers have always worried that new technologies will take away their livelihoods, ever since the original Luddites' fears about mechanised looms. That worry takes on a particularly intense form when the machines come with a human face: Capek's play that gave robots their name depicted a world in which they initially brought lots of benefits but eventually led to mass unemployment and discontent. Now, the arrival of increasingly humanoid automatons in workplaces, in an era of high unemployment, is bound to provoke a reaction.

, companies will need to work hard to persuade workers that robots are productivity-enhancers, not just job- eating aliens. They need to show employees that the robot sitting alongside them can be more of a helpmate than a threat. Audi has been particularly successful in introducing industrial robots because the carmaker asked workers to identify areas where robots could improve performance and then gave those workers jobs overseeing the robots. Employers also need to explain that robots can help preserve manufacturing jobs in the rich world: one reason why Germany has lost fewer such jobs than Britain is that it has five times as many robots for every 10,000 workers.

e two principles--don't let robots hurt or frighten people--are relatively simple. Robot scientists are tackling more complicated problems as robots become more sophisticated. They are keen to avoid hierarchies (層級) among rescue-robots (because the loss of the leader would render the rest redundant). So they are using game theory to make sure the robots can communicate with each other in egalitarian (平等) ways. They are keen to avoid duplication between robots and their human handlers. So they are producing more complicated mathematical formulae in order that robots can constantly adjust themselves to human intentions.

This suggests that the world could be on the verge of a great management revolution: making robots behave like humans rather than the 20th century's preferred option, making humans behave like robots.

46. Tomorrow's robots will be free to move around rather than being locked up in cages so as not to hurt people.

47. It is not easy for people to regard robots as management stuff, for the later are mostly seen in science fictions.

48. Robots appear more like living creatures as they enter into the service industry.

49. According to the Pentagon's plans, many of its robots will essentially become killing machines.

50. The Japanese didn't use a lot of robots to clear up after the recent earthquake, considering their world leadership in the robot field.

51. Companies should show their workers that robots can be more of a helper rather than a threat to them.

52. The fact that more and more human-like robots are used in workplaces will surely arouse reaction in a time of high unemployment.

53. Robots, who are considered as an engineering instead of a management problem, have been largely neglected by executives.

54. Scientists are trying to enable robots to constantly adjust themselves to people's intenlions.

55. The example that Germany has lost fewer manufacturing jobs than Britain shows that robots can help preserve manufacturing jobs in the rich world.

　　【參考譯文】 　　管理機器人　　A.[47]很久以來。機器人都被認為是科幻小説裏的東西，因此人們很難將它們視為管理的對象。捷克劇作家KarelCapek於1920年將它們命名為“機器人”(來源於斯拉夫語中的“工作”一詞)。在美國作家Isaac Asimov的筆下，機器人面對了令它們最為難忘的抉擇。好萊塢把機器人變成了超級英雄和超級惡魔。

在由電影評論家總結出的好萊塢50個最好角色和50個最壞角色的名單上，唯一一個同時登上兩份榜單的角色就是一個機器人——終結者。

B.現在到了管理思想家跟上科幻小説作家步伐的時候了。自20世紀60年代起機器人就在生產線上做一些輔助工作了。世界上已有超過100萬的工業機器人。現在機器人變得更聰明、更廉價的速度在不斷加快，這兩者簡直是一種爆炸性的結合。機器人正在學着與周圍的世界互動。它們看東西的能力正在變得越來越接近人類，它們獲取信息及做出相應反應的能力也在接近人類。未來，機器人將能夠從事越來越多精細而複雜的工作。[46]機器人將不會再被關起來以防止它們與人們發生衝突，而是可以自由移　動。

C.美國軍隊已經在這方面開拓了一條道路。他們現在有不少於l2000個機器人正在服役。智囊團布魯金斯學會的PeterSinger説，5000年來只有人類參與戰爭的局面正在被打破。近來被增派到戰場的機器人包括執行偵察任務的小“昆蟲”和恫嚇敵人的大“狗”。五角大樓還在研發一種強動力自動戰術機器人，它們可以通過吞食其周邊的生物量來補給自己的能量。

D.但機器人在民用方面也沒有落後太遠。有誰能比這些神奇的設備更適於清潔下水道或清理核廢料呢?[50]日本人在近期的一次震後清理中所用的機器人數量驚人地少，即使他們在這一領域處於世界領先地位。他們説他們在錯誤的地點選擇了錯誤的機器人類別。但是他們已經率先在全球範圍內呼籲尋求機器人的援助.而且似乎馬上就會投入更多的機器人進行作業。

E.[48]當機器人進入到服務產業時，它們開始變得不像機器，而更像生物了。日本產業技術研究院是一所研發機構，它們製作的機器人Paro形似一隻小海豹，並能對命令做出迴應。本田公司研製的機器人ASIM0具有很多人類的特徵，它能夠走路、説話以及迴應命令。

F.[53]時至今日，管理人員一直在很大程度上忽視了機器人，把它們當做工程問題而不是管理問題。這種現象不能再繼續下去了：機器人正變得功能強大且無處不在。隨着企業可以使用機器人這種新型員工，它們可能需要重新考慮自身的人力資源戰略了。例如，在擁有不計報酬、可以持續工作的智能機器的情況下，它們是否真的需要把產品外包給中國加工?它們必然要重新考慮它們的人力資源政策——就從質疑是否應該有一個純粹管理人力資源的部門開始。

G.第一個問題是如何管理機器人本身。Asimov在1942年確立了基本原則：機器人不能傷害人類。這一原則已經通過近年來的技術改良得以加強：現在的機器人對於它們周圍的事物更加敏感，還可以遵照指示避免襲擊人類。[49]但是五角大樓的計劃使得這一切變堡更為複雜：從本質上來説，它們所製造的機器人有很多將成為殺人機器。

H.第二個問題是如何處理人與機器人的關係中人類這一方的問題。從最初的科技反對者恐懼機械織布機開始，勞動者們總是擔心新技術會搶走他們的飯碗。當機器以人類的面孔出現時，那種擔憂變得尤為強烈：capek那部給機器人取名字的戲劇中描繪了這樣一個世界：起初，機器人帶來了很多好處，最終，它們卻導致了大量的失業和不滿。[52]在現在這樣一個高失業率的時代，工作場所越來越多地使用類人機器人必然會激起反對。

I.所以，企業必須努力使工人相信機器人有助於提高產量，而不只是吞噬職位的外來者。[51]它們需要展現給員工們看：坐在他們身邊的機器人更多的是他們的幫手，而不是威脅。奧迪在引進工業機器人方面一直做得特別成功，因為這家汽車製造商讓員工去發現那些機器人可以改進工作的領域，然後將監管那些機器人的崗位提供給員工。[55]企業還需要闡明，機器人有助於保留富有國家的生產崗位：德國之所以沒有象英國一樣喪失如此之多的生產崗位，原因之一就是，在德國，每一萬名工人所對應的機器人數量是英國的5倍。

J.這兩條原則，即不要讓機器人傷害或嚇到人類，是相對簡單的。隨着機器人變得日益複雜，機器人科學家們正着手處理更復雜的'問題。他們儘量不在救援機器人中分出三六九等(因為一旦沒有帶頭的機器人，其他的機器人就顯得多餘了)。所以他們利用遊戲理論來確保機器人能以平等的方式互相交流。他們盡力避免機器人與它們的人類操作者的作用重疊。[54]因此他們正在計算更多複雜的數學公式以使機器人能夠依照人類的意願不斷地進行自我調節。這表明世界即將發生一次重大的管理變革：讓機器人的行為更像人類，而不是像20世紀所傾向的那樣，使人類的行為日益向機器人靠攏。

【答案解析】46.B

解析：題幹意為，未來的機器人將能夠自由活動，而不是被關起來以防止傷害人類。注意抓住題幹中的關鍵信息tomorrow’s robots、free to move around和hurt people。文中論及機器人未來發展趨勢的內容出 現在B段，該段末句提到，機器人將不會再被關起來以防止發生人機之間的衝突，它們將可以自由移動。由此可知，題幹是對原文的同義轉述，故答案為B。

47.A

解析：題於意為，人們很難想象機器人是能夠被管理的事物，因為它們一直都是出現在科幻小説中。注意抓住題幹中的關鍵信息not easy、management stuff和science fictions。文中A段首句提到，很久以來，機器人都被認為是科幻小説裏的東西，因此人們很難想象它們能夠被管理。由此可知，題幹是對原文的同義轉述，故答案為A。

48.E

解析：題幹意為，當機器人進入服務產業時，它們往往看起來更像生物。注意抓住題幹中的關鍵信息more like living creatures和enter into the service industry。文中論及機器人在服務業中表現的內容出現在E段，該段首句提到，隨着機器人進入到服務產業，它們開始變得不那麼像機器，而更像生物了。接下來的第二句和第三句用兩個例子來證明這一觀點。由此可知，題幹是對原文的同義轉述，故答案為E。

49.G

解析：題幹意為，依據五角大樓的計劃，它們所製造的很多機器人在本質上都會成為殺人機器。注意抓住題幹中的關鍵信息Pentagon’s plans、many of its robots和killing machines。文中G段論述了與五角大樓的計劃相關的內容，該段提到了機器人管理的基本原則，即機器人不能傷害人類，該段末句提到，但是五角大樓的計劃使得這一切變得更為複雜：從本質上來説，它們所製造的機器人有很多將成為殺人機器。由此可知，題幹是對原文的同義轉述，故答案為G。

50.D

解析：題幹意為，鑑於其在機器人領域的世界領先地位，日本在近期的一次地震後並沒有大量使用機器人來完成清理工作。注意抓住題千中的關鍵信息Japanese、clear up after the recent earthquake和world leadershipinthe robotfield。文中論及日本使用清潔機器人的內容出現在D段，該段第三句提到，日本人在近期的一次震後清理中所用的機器人數量驚人地少，即使他們在這一領域一直處於世界領先地位。由此可見，題幹是對原文的同義轉述，故答案為D。

51.I

解析：題幹意為，企業應該向員工們展示，機器人對他們來説，更多的是起到幫手的作用，而不是威脅。注意抓住題幹中的關鍵信息Companies、workers和a helper ratherthan athreat。文中論及企業、員工和機器人關係的內容出現在1段，該段第二句提到，它們需要展現給員工們看：坐在他們身邊的機器人更多的是他們的幫手，而不是威脅。由此可見，題幹是對原文的同義轉述，故答案為I。

52.H

解析：題幹意為，在目前這樣一個高失業率的年代，越來越多的類人機器人被用於工作場所的事實必然會引起一些反對。注意抓住題幹中的關鍵信息human.1ike robots are used in workplaces和arouse reactionin atimeofhigh unemployment。文中論及高失業率以及機器人在工作場所的使用的內容出現在H段，該段末句提到，在現在這樣一個高失業率的時代，工作場所越來越多地使用類人機器人必然會激起反對。原文中的humanoid automatons對應題幹中的human—like robots。由此可見，題幹是對原文的同義轉述，故答案為H。

53.F

解析：題幹意為，管理人員在很大程度上忽視了機器人，他們把機器人當做工程問題而不是管理問題。注意抓住題幹中的關鍵信息anengineeringinsteadofamanagementproblem和largelyneglectedbyexecutives。

文中第F段對機器人管理問題進行論述，該段首句提到，時至今日，管理人員一直在很大程度上忽視了機器人，把它們當做工程問題而不是管理問題。由此可見，題幹是對原文的同義轉述，故答案為F。

54.J

解析：題幹意為，科學家們正在試圖使機器人可以根據人們的意願不斷地進行自我調節。注意抓住題幹中的關鍵信息scientists和constantly adjustthemselves。文中提及機器人可以進行自我調節的內容出現在J段，該段第六句提到科學家們正在計算更多複雜的數學公式以使機器人能夠依照人類的意願不斷地進行自我調節。由此可見，題幹是對原文的同義轉述，故答案為J。

55.I

解析：題幹意為，德國失去的生產崗位比英國要少的例子表明，機器人能夠幫助保留富裕國家的生產崗位。注意抓住題幹中的關鍵信息Germany、Britain、fewer manufacturingjobs和help preserve manufacturingjobs。文中對比英德兩國製造業崗位的內容出現在1段，該段末句提到，企業還需要闡明機器人有助於保留富裕國家的生產崗位：德國之所以沒有像英國一樣喪失如此之多的生產崗位，原因之一就是，在德國每一萬名工人所對應的機器人數量是英國的5倍。由此可見，題幹是對原文的同義轉述，故答案為I。