託福閲讀的解題套路

引導語：大部分同學無法拿到閲讀高分的核心原因是時間不夠無法讀全文章，直接做題又感覺患得患失地不知道選擇的答案是否正確符合文章意思，這往往使得我們在備戰閲讀考試的效果大打折扣。那下面小編就給大家分享一些關於做閲讀題的套路吧，希望可以幫助大家。

我們來直接看題：

A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferredfrom paragraph 1?

excludes interactions betweenmore than two species.

makes it less likely for specieswithin a community to survive.

significance to the organizationof biological communities is small.

role in the structure ofbiological populations is a disruptive one.

解法1：

初學者在看到這樣題目的時候，會先把文章看完甚至翻譯一遍，認為理解了自然就能選對答案。這是正確率最高最靠譜的做法，但最大的缺陷是考試時無法在短時間內理解文章並且做完題目。所以在閲讀能力不是很強的時候，儘量不要使用看完理解再做題的方法。

解法2：

定位規律

題幹關鍵詞：commensalism

文中定位點：There are three main types ofsymbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism,and mutualism.有三種共生關係：寄生、共生、互利共棲。説的是題幹關鍵詞本身的內容，無法對應選項。

再往後讀啊讀啊讀啊……理論上來説看到這裏應該能得到答案了，但是……但是……看看選項?

A.共生關係不包括超過兩個物種之間的相互作用

B.共生關係使得物種在生物團體中難以生存

C.共生關係在生物羣體中的重要性是小的

D.共生關係在生物結構中的角色是引起混亂的

選哪個?!正確答案是哪個啊?

這裏我們要學的是一個小套路，我們把文中內容和選項都理解後得到這樣的一個邏輯：

文章：第一個和第三個在一個生物團體結構中是重要的;意思是，所有的有機體居住在一起並且在特定的區域相互作用。

推理模式：第一個(寄生)和第三個(互利共棲)在一個生物團體結構中是重要的`→第二個(共生)是不重要的

所以選C

這個切入點你發現了嗎?

但這樣分析題目，對我們來説有什麼實際的意義呢?同學們，這篇文章的核心就是希望大家能高效的發現題目的切入點並且解決問題。於是，對於這道題來説發現一個能夠廣泛使用的規律，比起選出正確答案更有意義：

讓我們聊聊剛才在題目中的推理模式：第一個(寄生)和第三個(互利共棲)在一個生物團體結構中是重要的→第二個(共生)是不重要的。

這個推理模式我叫做反義推理(有些老師也叫做反向推理、取非，意思一致)，是託福閲讀推理題常用的推理模式，並且在細節題、否定事實信息題(NOTEXCEPT)和判斷其他題型錯誤選項的時候經常使用，也是最常見的一種思維模式。

反義推理的核心來自於歸約(reduction)，意思是當未知量與已知量看上去無法匹配的時候，在二者之間搭上一個橋樑來使得找答案變得更簡單。

讓我們來看看類似題目中用到反義推理的高效表現

With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that mighthave indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid,shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be wind blown silt.

h of the following can beinferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?

did not contain any marine fossil.

had formed in open-ocean conditions.

had once been soft, deep-sea mud.

contained sediment from nearby deserts.

解析：

這道題很容易，和上一題是同樣的套路

題幹關鍵詞：the solid gypsum layer

文中定位點：Sediment above and below the gypsumlayer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.

利用反義推理：在石膏層上面和下面的沉積層中包含小海洋化石→石膏層不包含海洋化石

所以選A

而在我們熟練了在一個完整概念下不同因素之間的反義推理後(例如整體是【A,B,C】, 文中説AB重要則C不重要，AB有東西則C沒有)，將完整概念拓展到時間點前後區分概念會使得做題變得更加的簡單：