專業四級英語閲讀理解預熱試題2018

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A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fingerprinting incriminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a patternseen in their DNA, the molecule of which genes are made. DNAis present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNAfingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, suchas to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father ofa particular child is. However, it is in the area of criminalinvestigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.

DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigationsby giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to trove guilt, not just establishinnocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect iscompared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found atthe scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict asuspect.

The controversy in 1998 stemmed form a report published in December 1991 by populationgeneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartlcalled into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNAfingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular, they argued that the current methodcannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they camefrom the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members ofthe same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods areadequate.

In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University ofTexas in Dallas and Kenneth of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued that enoughdata are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. InJanuary 1998, however, the federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNAtests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples form various ethnic groups in anattempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, a National Academy of Sciences calledfor strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.

re DNA fingerprinting is used, suspects____.

d have to leave their fingerprints for further investigations

d have to submit evidence for their innocence

d easily escape conviction of guilt

be convicted of guilt as well

fingerprinting can be unreliable when ____.

methods used for blood- cell calculation are not accurate

different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprintingpattern

C.a match is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two different individuals

different individuals leave two DNA samples.

geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl, the current method ____.

not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples can never come from twoindividuals

arguable because two individuals of the same ethnic group are likely to have the same DNApattern.

not based on adequate scientific theory of genetics

theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying

attitude of the Federal Bereau of Investigation shows that ____.

gh data are yet to be collected form various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood oftwo DNA samples coming from two individual members

gh data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only DNA samples form thesame person can match

gh data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihood oftwo different DNA samples coming form the same person

tional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to determine that two DNAsamples are unlikely to come from the same person

onal Academy of Sciences holds the stance that ____.

testing should be systematized

authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testing

academy only is authorized to work out standards for testing

academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing

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