發育生物學期末複習題

選擇題：

is epigenesis(漸成論)? d

a) The belief that a mutant organism is already present in miniature in the embryo.

b) The theory that early development is controlled by the zygote’s genes.

c) The theory that early development is controlled by the maternal genes.

d) The process by which the mature organism is produced gradually from an essential formless embryo. 何為後生（漸成論）？

一）認為突變生物體是已經存在於微型在胚胎。

二）該理論認為，早期的發展是由受精卵的基因控制的。

三）該理論認為，早期的發展是由母體基因控制的。

d）使該成熟生物體從一個基本無定形胚逐漸產生的過程。

2. What is apoptosis? b

a) An experimental technique that biologists use to kill specific cell.

b) Programmed cell death that is required for normal development.

c) A pathological condition observed only in damaged or diseased organism.

d) A developmental mechanism unique to the roundworm ans.

一個實驗性的技術，生物學家用來殺死特定的細胞。

B）編程所需的正常發育的細胞死亡。

c）在病理狀態中受損或患病的機體只有觀察。

D）獨有的蛔蟲線蟲，一個致力於發展機制。

3. What is the function of stem cells in adult mammals? c

a) Some of their daughter cells remain as stem cells and continue to divide throughout

life.

b) The give rise to hair, fingernails, and other structures that grow throughout life.

c) The produced cells that differentiate to replace dead or damaged cells.

d) The produced compounds that stem blood loss from wounds.

。什麼是幹細胞在成年哺乳動物的功能？

一）他們的一些子細胞仍然是幹細胞，並繼續在整個生命來劃分。

二）引起的頭髮，指甲，以及整個人生發展的其他結構。

三）生產的細胞分化代替死亡或受損的細胞。

四）生產的化合物，源於創傷失血。

4. What are regulatory cascades in development also referred to as networks? c

a) Each transcription factor and signal in the cascade has limited life span.

b) Signals as well as transcription factors are involved in the cascade.

c) The cascade is not linear-within and between levels in the cascade, various gene

products interact to form network.

d) Each step in the cascade takes time, so the steps in the cascade are sequential.

4.什麼是監管級聯的發展也被稱為網絡？

a）在該級聯的每個轉錄因子和信號具有有限的壽命。

二）信號以及轉錄因子參與了級聯。

三）級聯是不是線性內並在級聯級之間，各個基因產物相互作用形成網絡。

d）在級聯的每個步驟需要時間，所以在級聯中的步驟是順序。

5. What is a homeotic mutant? b

a) An individual with an abnormal head-to-tail axis.

b) An individual with a structure located in the wrong place.

c) An individual with double the normal number of structures or segments.

d) In flies, an individual that is missing segments; in Arabidopsis, an individual that is

missing a hypocotyls or other embryonic structure.

什麼是同源的突變？

一）具有異常的頭 - 尾軸的'個人。

b）在位於錯了地方的結構的個人。

c）與結構或部分的正常數量的一倍的個人。

d）在果蠅，即缺少部分的個人;在擬南芥，即缺少胚軸或其它胚胎結構的個體。

6. What happens during the acrosome reaction? c

a) Bindin(結合素) binds to the egg-cell receptor for sperm.

b) The sperm- and egg-cell membranes fuse.

c) Enzymes that digest the egg jelly layer are released, and microfilaments in the tip of

the sperm head polymerize to form a protrusion.

d) The centriole released from the sperm orients microtubules in the fertilized egg and

causes the cortical cytoplasm to rotate-creating gray cresent.

6.頂體反應過程中會發生什麼情況？

一）結合蛋白（結合素）結合到蛋細胞受體對精子。

二）sperm-和雞蛋細胞膜融合。

三）酶消化蛋果凍層被釋放，並在精子頭部的前端微絲聚合形成的突起。

d）與精子釋放的中心粒定向在受精卵的微管，並且使皮質細胞質旋轉創造灰色cresent。

7. What happens during gastrulation? c

a) The neural tube-precursor to the spinal cord and brain-forms.

b) Basal and apical cells form, which are the precursor to the suspensor and embryo,

respectively.

c) Massive movements of cells make the primary body axes visible and organizer the

three embryonic tissues.

d) The fertilized egg divides without growth occurring, forming a ball of cells.

7.原腸胚形成過程中會發生什麼情況？

一）神經管前驅物至脊髓和腦的形式。

二）基礎和根尖細胞的形成，這是先導，以柄和胚胎分別。

三）細胞的大規模運動做出的主要機構軸可見和組織者三個胚胎組織。

四）受精卵分裂沒有出現增長，形成細胞的一個球。

8. In animals , which adult tissues and organs are derived from ectoderm? b

a) Lining of the digestive tract and associated organs.

b) Nerve cells and skin.

c) Blood, heart, kidney, bone, and muscle.

d) Blastopore and blastocoel.

8.在動物中，其中成人組織和器官從外胚層衍生？

一個）的消化道和相關器官的襯砌。

二）的神經細胞和皮膚。

三）血液，心臟，腎臟，骨骼和肌肉。

D）胚和囊胚。

9. What term describes the mode of asexual reproduction in which offspring develop fromunfertilized eggs? B A

a) Parthenogenesis b) Budding c) Regeneration d)Fission

9.什麼術語描述無性繁殖的方式，其中從後代未受精的卵子發展？

一）單性生殖二）萌芽三）再生四）裂變

10. What does it mean to say that differentiation is “progressive”? c

a) Differentiation gets more efficient over time.

b) Differentiation gets more complex over time

c) Cell become increasingly more specialized over time.

d) Differentiation is triggered by master regulators.

10.什麼意思説，差異化是“進步”？

一）分化得到隨着時間的推移更加高效。

二）分化得到隨着時間的推移更加複雜

三）細胞變得越來越專業化隨着時間的推移。

D）差異是由主監管觸發。

11. What is a fate map? b

a) A description of an individual organism’s fate.

b) A description of the fate of each embryonic region or cell.

c) A list of cell fates that is possible only in animal embryos.

d) A list of cell fates that is possible only in tunicate embryos.

1.什麼是緣分地圖？

a）任何個人生物體的命運的描述。

二）每個胚胎區域或細胞的命運的描述。

細胞命運的可能只存在於動物胚胎三）名單。

細胞命運這是可能只有在被囊動物胚胎d）一個列表。

12. Which of the following stages of development is defined by the three embryonic tissue layers(ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)? a

a) The gastrula b)The zygote c)The morula d) The blastula

12.哪發展的以下階段是由三個胚胎組織層（外胚層，中胚層和內胚層）中所定義？

一）原腸胚二）合子三）桑椹四）囊胚

happens during cleavage? c

a) The neural tube-precursor of the spinal cord and brain-forms.

b) Basal and apical cells-precursor of the suspensor and embryo.

c) The fertilized egg divided without growth occurring forming a mass of cell.

d) Massive movements of cells make the primary body axes visible and organize the three embryonic tissues.

裂解過程中發生了喜歡吃點什麼？

一）神經管前驅脊髓和腦的形式。

二）基礎和根尖細胞前體的柄和胚胎。

三）受精卵分裂沒有出現增長形成了大規模細胞。

D）細胞的大規模運動做出的主要機構軸可見，組織三個胚胎組織。

14. Why are in situ hybridization such a valuable tool for studying development? B A

a) They identify the location of specific mRNAs, and so provide a picture of differential gene expression.

b) They allow researchers to understand how cell-cell signals and regulatory transcription factors interact.

c) They provide data on homology-the presence of similar genes in different species.

d) They can be done with RNA or DNA probes.

14.為什麼原位雜交研究開發這樣一個寶貴的工具？

一）它們識別特定的mRNAs的位置，所以提供差異基因表達的照片。

b）它們允許研究人員瞭解細胞間的信號和調節轉錄因子相互作用。

c）它們提供了在不同的物種相似的基因同源性，存在的數據。

四）它們可以與RNA或DNA探針來完成。

15. What is a cadherin(鈣粘蛋白)? C

a) A glycoprotein found in the zona pelluciada of mammal eggs.

b) A molecule secreted by the organizer that induces changes in target cells.

c) A cell-adhesion protein found on the surface of animal cells.

d) A cytoplasmic determinatant found in the cortical cytoplasm of frog eggs.

15.什麼是鈣粘蛋白（鈣粘蛋白）？

一）在哺乳動物卵透明帶pelluciada發現的一種糖蛋白。

b）在誘導改變靶細胞的分泌主辦方的分子。

三）的動物細胞的表面上的細胞粘附蛋白髮現。

d）一個細胞質determinatant在蛙卵的細胞質皮質發現。