定語從句有哪幾種

　　一、 限制性與非限制性定語從句

(一) 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別

限制性定語從句對先行詞起修飾限制作用;而非限制性定語從句是對先行詞起補充説明作用。非限制性定語從句中，先行詞與定語從句往往有逗號割開。非限制性定語從句相當於並列句、狀語從句等。如：

I want this man, who (=for he) can speak English.

He gave up the plan, which (=though it) was a very good one.

I met John, who (=and he) told me the news.

I will take this one, which (=for it) seems to be the best one.

He has two sons, who work in the same company. (He has only two sons.)

He has two sons who work in the same company. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.)

(二) 非限制性定語從句中關係代詞和關係副詞的用法

1、 關係代詞和關係副詞在任何情況下都不能省略;

2、 Who(主語)，whom(賓語)，which(主語、賓語)不能用that代替，也不能互相替換;

3、 介詞+which/whom+從句結構中，介詞不能移到從句的後面;

4、 when, where可用於非限制性定語從句。

　　二、 關係代詞的用法

(一) 關係代詞的作用和分類

1、關係代詞的作用有三個：

(1) 連接作用：關係代詞引導從句，把它和主句連接起來;

(2) 替代作用：關係代詞在從句中替代它前面的先行詞;

(3) 成分作用：關係代詞在從句中總是充當句子成分。

2、關係代詞的用法分類

關係代詞的用法與分類有三點依據：

(1) 根據所引導的從句的限制性和非限制性;

(2) 根據所替代的先行詞是指人還是指物;

(3) 根據它在從句中所充當的成分----主語、賓語、表語或者定語。

(二) 關係代詞that和which的用法

1、 限制性定語從句中，必須用關係代詞that的情況：

(1) 當先行詞是不定代詞all, much, little, something, everything, anything,

nothing, the one時。如：

Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?

You should hand in all that you have.

(2) 當先行詞前面被the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all等詞修飾時。

如：

This is the very person that I’m waiting for.

The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.

(3) 當先行詞是形容詞最高級或者先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級修飾時。如： This is the best that has been used against pollution.

This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen.

(4) 當先行詞是序數詞或它前面有序數詞修飾時。如：

This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.

What is the first American film that you have seen?

(5) 當先行詞既有人又有物時。如：

Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?

(6) 當主句的主語是疑問詞who或which時。如：

Which is the bike that you lost?

Who is the boy that won the gold medal?

(7) 有兩個定語從句時，其中一個關係代詞也在從句中作表語時。如：

They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.

(8) 當先行詞在主句中作表語，而關係代詞也在從句中作表語時。如：

Shanghai is no longer the city that is used to be.

2、 定語從句中，必須用which的情況：

(1) 在非限制性定語從句中，只用which不用that。如:

Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.

(2) 當動詞短語中的介詞提前時，只用which不用that。如：

This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.

注意：在一些固定搭配的`動詞短語中，由於動詞和介詞不可分割，因此把介詞置於關係代詞之前。如：

This is the pen (which/that) I’ m looking for.

(三) 關係代詞who, whom和whose的用法

先行詞指人：在定語從句中作主語時，用who,不克省略;在定語從句中作賓語時，用whom/that,可以省略;在定語從句中坐定語時，用whose，不可省略。如：

She is the girl who lives next door.作主語

That’s the girl (whom/that) I teach.作賓語

That’s the scientist whose achievements are well known.作定語

This is the house whose window broke last night.

= This is the house, the window of which broke last night.

= This is the house, of which the widow broke last night.

(四)“介詞+關係代詞”引導的定語從句

“介詞+關係代詞”引導定語從句時，關係代詞只能用which或whom，即：介詞+whom/which。

1. 當介詞放在關係代詞的前面時，關係代詞只能用which或whom，關係代詞不能省略。如：

(1) Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?

(2) He paid the boy 10 Yuan for washing ten windows, most of which hadn’t

been cleaned for at least a year.

(3) In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn

for help.

(4) Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very

reasonable.

(5) The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.

2.在限制性定語從句中，當介詞位於定語從句的末尾時，可用that/which ,that/whom/who作介詞的賓語，而且作介詞賓語的關係代詞可以省略。如：

3.”複合介詞短語+關係代詞which”引導的定語從句，這種結構引導的定語從句常與先行詞用逗號分開，定語從句常用倒裝語序。如：

He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.

4.介詞+which/whom+不定式結構

The poor man has no house in which to live.

= The poor man has no house to live in.

= The poor man has no house in which he can live.