過去分詞作定語從句語法
過去分詞是非謂語動詞的一種形式,表示完成和被動的動作。它在句子中可以充當表語、定語等成份。下面僅談其作定語和表語的用法。
一、過去分詞作定語
過去分詞作定語有前置和後置兩種情況。
1、前置定語
單個的過去分詞作定語,通常放在被修飾的名詞之前,表示被動和完成意義。
A類:被動意義:
an honored guest 一位受尊敬的'客人
The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.
受傷的工人現正在醫院受到良好的照料。
B類:完成意義:
a retired teacher 一位退休的教師
They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard.
他們正在打掃院子裏的落葉。
2、後置定語
過去分詞短語作定語時,通常放在被修飾的名詞之後,它的作用相當於一個定語從句。如:
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written (=that has ever been written)。
這將是這類小説中寫得最好的。
Who were the so-called guests invited (=who had been invited) to your party last night?
昨晚被邀請參加你的晚會的那些所謂的客人是誰呀?
二、過去分詞作表語
作表語的過去分詞主要來自及物動詞,在主-系-表句型中,説明主語所處的一種狀態。其中系動詞有包括be在內的多種形式。如:
You seem frightened.
你看樣子受了驚嚇。
少數不及物動詞(如go, come, set)的過去分詞也能作表語,但它們不表示被動意義,只是表示動作完成。如:
They are gone for vacation.
他們度假去了。
注意:要區別“系動詞+過去分詞(系表結構)” 和 “系動詞+過去分詞(被動語態)”。如:
A. The library is now closed.
圖書館現在關門了。
B. The library is closed at six.
圖書館經常在六點鐘關門。
説明:作表語用的過去分詞表示主語的特點或所處的狀態,強調主謂關係。這種結構中的過去分詞前可加quite, very, rather等修飾詞。系動詞可有多種,表示不同的意義;被動語態表示動作,強調動賓關係,絕大多數被動結構中的行為執行者還可以用by短語來表示。因此,我們不難看出在上面兩句中,A句是系表結構,B句是被動語態。
從A、B、C、D四個選項中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。
1. Most of the artists _____ to the party were from South Africa. (MET 1990)
A. invited B. to invite
C. being invited D. had been invited
2. The computer center, _____last year, is very popular among the students in this school. (NMET 1993)
A. open B. opening
C. having opened D. opened
3. Cleaning women in big cities usually get _____ by the hour.(NMET 1998)
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
4.—How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
—The key _____ the problem is to meet the demand _____ by the customers. (北京2002)
A. to solving; making
B. to solving; made
C. to solve; making
D. to solve; made
5. Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases _____ only to people with specific knowledge.
(上海2002)
A. being known B. having been known
C. to be known D. known
答案: 1-5 ADCBD