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　　中國航空貨運業“僧多粥少”

中國製造業的顯著增長，促使航空貨運公司爭相發展其在華業務。然而，這可能成為一個業務規模擴張過大、速度過快的案例。

China’s spectacular manufacturing growth has left air freight carriers scrambling to develop their activities in the country. But it could be a case of too much, too soon.

兩年前，從南京或上海空運貨物至歐洲，每公斤運費高達4美元;如今的價格約為2.50美元。南京祿口機場副總經理徐勇表示：“在此項業務上仍有錢賺的航空公司非常少見。”

Two years ago, flying goods from Nanjing or Shanghai to Europe cost up to $4 a kilogramme; today it the price is about $2.50. “Very few carriers are still making money here,’’ says Xu Yong, vice-president of Nanjing airport.

由於機隊擴張速度繼續超出需求，航空公司正加劇中國一些機場的擁堵問題。徐勇警告稱：“我們現在的飛機數量實在是太多了。”

As fleet expansion continues to outpace demand, carriers are adding to congestion problems at some Chinese airports. “We have just far too many planes now”Mr Xu warns.

荷蘭航空公司Martinair副總裁弗蘭克?德容(Frank de Jong)表示，中國空運貨物出口量正以每年約10%的速度增長，而飛機貨物運力的增幅約為25%。

Frank de Jong, vice-president at Martinair, the Dutch carrier, says the volume of Chinese exports by air is growing by about 10 per cent a year but aircraft cargo capacity is rising by about 25 per cent.

在亞洲，約半數貨物在運輸時都是放在定期客運航班的腹艙內。例如，在客運航空公司中，大韓航空(Korean Airlines)擁有全球規模最大的貨運業務，其28%的收入來自航空貨運業務。

In Asia, about half of cargo transported is carried in the belly of regular passenger flights. Korean Airlines, for example, has the world’s largest cargo business among passenger airlines, with 28 per cent of its revenue coming from air freight.

在美國，大部分航空貨運業務由以UPS和聯邦快遞(FedEx)為首的專業貨運公司負責。中國政府最近已進一步放寬了對上述兩家公司的准入限制。

In the US, the bulk of air cargo is handled by the specialist freight industry, led by UPS and FedEx. The Chinese government has recently granted greater access to the two companies.

瑞士信貸(Credit Suisse)分析師彼得?希爾頓(Peter Hilton)表示：“美國公司可以向中國體系內注入更多運力，並承接向來由亞洲航空公司包攬的貨運業務。”

Peter Hilton, analyst at Credit Suisse, says: “The Americans are being allowed to inject more capacity into the Chinese system and moving goods that would have traditionally gone to Asian carriers.”

中國政府已加大其發展國內航空貨運業的努力，鼓勵國內航空公司與經驗更為豐富的.西方貨運公司合作。而就在不久前，中國政府的重點還幾乎全放在航空客運業的改革和擴張方面。

Beijing has stepped up its efforts to develop a domestic air freight industry, encouraging its airlines to team up with more experienced Western cargo operators. Until recently, the Chinese government had instead focused almost exclusively on overhauling and expanding the passenger airline industry.

一位香港銀行家表示：“從政治角度來看，運送旅客比運輸貨物更能建立聲望，但政府已意識到，貨運對出口驅動型的製造業領域至關重要。”

A Hong Kong banker says: “Politically, there’s a lot more prestige in helping move people rather than goods, but the government has woken up to how crucial freight is for an export-led manufacturing sector.”

在中國內地直接出口的貨物中，航空貨運的比例日益增加，不僅對航空公司造成影響，還令新加坡和香港等航空貨運中心感到憂慮。

The growing proportion of air freight exported directly from the Chinese mainland is not only having an effect on the carriers, it is also worrying for cargo airport hubs such as Singapore and Hong Kong.

總部位於香港的國泰航空(Cathay Pacific)發現其貨運業務有所放緩。國泰航空貨運部門助理經理William Lo表示，來自中國(內地)的激烈競爭，意味着今年其收益可能增長1%至2%，而相比之下，去年的增幅為3%至6%。

Cathay Pacific, the Hong Kong-based carrier, has seen a slowdown in its cargo business. William Lo, assistant manager in Cathay’s cargo division, says intense Chinese competition means yields are likely to rise 1-2 per cent this year, compared with 3-6 per cent last year.

Martinair的德容表示：“目前香港不再製造任何東西，相反，我們看到其周邊的這些內地新機場正在發展。顯然它們正在分一杯羹。”

Mr de Jong from Martinair says: “Nothing is produced any more in Hong Kong and what we’re seeing instead is all these new Chinese airports growing around it. Obviously they’re taking a piece of the cake.”

深圳機場作為一個貨運中心正在迅速發展，使人們將貨物運到附近香港機場的動力有所減少。

Shenzhen airport is developing rapidly as a cargo hub, reducing the incentive to transport goods across the border to neighbouring Hong Kong airport.

翡翠航空(Jade Cargo)是深圳航空與德國漢莎航空(Lufthansa)組建的合資企業，一年前開始運營，此後一直在以每三個月增加一架波音(Boeing)747飛機的速度擴大機隊。

Jade Cargo, a joint venture between Shenzhen Airlines and German airline Lufthansa, started flying a year ago and has since been adding aircraft at the rate of one Boeing 747 every three months.

翡翠航空營銷總監託德? 希爾伯特(Todd Hilbrecht)預計，該航空公司將於2008年實現盈利。他表示：“過去數月(我們的業務)略有放緩，但並不至於造成業務虧損。”

Todd Hilbrecht, Jade’s marketing director, expects the airline to become profitable in 2008. He says: “There’s been a slight slowdown in the past months, but not enough to make this a money-losing venture.’’

儘管從南京及其它內地機場運輸貨物的費用大幅下降，但燃料價格居高不下，繼續使得通過船舶運輸大型貨物比空運更具吸引力。

Although the cost of shipping goods from Nanjing and other mainland airports has fallen dramatically, high fuel prices continue to make it more attractive to ship large cargo by sea rather than air.

一位業內高管表示：“油價肯定可以抵消運輸時間問題的影響。”本月油價一度上探每桶78.77美元的名義歷史高位。

“The oil price can certainly offset the issue of delivery time,’’ says one industry executive. This month oil has tested its nominal all-time high of $78.77 a barrel.

Motonari Chiaki是美國航空公司Polar Air Cargo的業務拓展經理。該公司運營着每週從上海和北京出港的14次航班。

Motonari Chiaki is business development manager at Polar Air Cargo, a US carrier that operates 14 flights a week out of Shanghai and Beijing.

他表示：“我認為，許多人不能馬上從中國賺到錢。我們仍在賺錢，但是越來越辛苦。”

He says: ”I don’t think many people are making money out of China right now. We still do but it’s getting pretty tough.”