託福閲讀無須讀懂每字每句的方法

導語：許多托福考生認為閲讀文章時必須要讀懂每字每句，事實上，這是不必要的。很多時候，即使遇到陌生的詞，根據上下文甚至自己的一些常識，也不會影響對文章的理解。特別是託福閲讀這種信息量大，題目涉及面廣的形式，掌握一定的閲讀和答題技巧，對應對託福閲讀是有很大幫助的。

關於閲讀方法只是對在有限時間內有效閲讀託福文章的方法進行一個簡單的介紹。閲讀技巧，特別是速度技巧中，有兩個重要的方法:Skimming&Scanning.

Skimming是隻看主要大意的速讀。一篇文章的大意是有重點的。比如，當出現first second的這種歸類總結的地方，或because，as a result這樣的因果關係，或是 but，however的`語意轉折處，都需要格外留心。託福文章講述主要觀點之後通常會有for example來佐證，如果看懂了主要觀點，那麼對示例所用的時間和精力就不需要太多了。Skimming的技巧在第一遍閲讀文章意圖抓住文章大意時是非常重要的。

Scanning是“掃描”，但具體到閲讀中，大家最熟悉的莫過於查詞典時。在有意識地去查某個生詞的時候，我們不會去把它所在的頁上每一個字都看一遍才找到想要的。幾乎眼睛對詞典中的一頁掃一下，腦中只有要找的字，看到它，其他的地方都像沒有看到一樣。在託福的閲讀中，scanning的技巧在回答問題時，根據題幹中問到的內容，在文章中scan，可以幫助考生準確地定位，找到答案。

以上兩種是在託福閲讀中最常用也是最有效的技巧，在下面的閲讀方法講解中，我們還會有具體的示例和運用。

託福的文章長度大多在300-400字之間。以平均每篇讀10分鐘計算，按照每分鐘閲讀150字的速度，一篇文章從頭到尾通讀，至少需2-3分鐘。這可瞭解文章的大意，但不一定保證讀得透徹。在第一遍通讀的過程中，考生不要期望每個字都一定要理解，遇到不懂的字不必多逗留或苦思冥想可能的意思，這樣會浪費時間的。只需一直往下看，用前面介紹到的skimming原則，掌握文章的主旨即可。這個過程中，文章的第一段，尤其是每段的第一句話往往起着提綱挈領或起承轉合的作用，是閲讀時要多留心的地方。以下面的考題為例:

Questions 1-9

Line

In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington. in Seattle. engaged a firm of landscape architectsspecialists in the design of outdoor environmentsOImsted Brothers of Brookline Massachusettsto advise them on an Line appropriate layout for the university grounds. The plan impressed the university officials 5 and in time many of its recommendations were implemented. City officials in Seattle the largest city in the northwestern United States were also impressed for they employed the same organization to study Seattle's public park needs. John Olmsted did the investigation and subsequent report on Seattle's parks. He and his brothers believed that parks should be adapted to the local topography utilize the area‘s trees and shrubs and be available to 10 the entire community. They especially emphasized the need for natural serene settings where hurried urban dwellers could periodically escape from the city. The essence of the Olmsted park plan was to develop a continuous driveway twenty miles long that would tie together a whole series of parks playgrounds and parkways. There would be local parks and squares too but all of this was meant to supplement the major driveway15 which was to remain the unifying factor for the entire system. In November of 1903 the city council of Seattle adopted the Olmsted Report and it automatically became the master plan for the city‘s park system. Prior to this report Seattle‘s park development was very limited and funding meager. All this changed after the report. Between 1907 and 1913 city voters approved special funding measures 20 amounting to $4,000,000. With such unparalleled sums at their disposal with the Olmsted guidelines to follow and with the added incentive of wanting to have the city at its best for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909 the Parks Board bought aggressively. By 1913 Seattle had 25 parks amounting to 1?400 acres? as well as 400 acres in playgrounds pathways? boulevards and triangles. More lands would be added in the 25 future but for all practical purposes it was the great land surge of 1907-1913 that established Seattle‘s park system.

通讀過一遍之後，即使沒能記住很多細節問題，也應對出現多次的city‘s park system，plan等字有較深的印象。有經驗的閲讀者會對文章中頻頻出現的年代概念比較敏感。一般年代的順序出現，通常文章的主題都是在描述某件事物的發展過程。可以基本瞭解的是，這篇文章是講述有關城市公園發展歷程的。

接下來一步，就需要快速地瀏覽一下9道選擇題的題幹了。閲讀題幹可做到對第二次閲讀目的瞭然於胸。託福的考查方面一般來説有幾點:文章主旨、文章細節、詞彙理解。從近幾年的託福題中不難發現，大約30%甚至的考查重點都是詞彙方面的，而真正的細節或主旨考查題最多佔到40%.也就是説，考生可以根據題目將第二次閲讀的重點有所機動。

上文題目1. What does the passage mainly discuss﹖ (文章主旨題)

A　 The planned development of Seattle's public park system

B　 The organization of the Seattle city government

C　 The history of the OImsted Brothers architectural firm

D　 The design and building of the University of Washington campus

2. The word ″engaged″ in line 2 is closest in meaning to (詞彙)

A　 trained ?B　 hired ?C　 described ?D　 evaluated

3. The word "subsequent" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(詞彙)

A　 complicated ?B　 alternate ?C　 later ?D　 detailed

4. Which of the following statements about parks does NOT reflect the views of the Olmsted Brothers firm﹖ (細節)

A　 They should be planted with trees that grow locally.

B　 They should provide a quiet? restful environment.

C　 They should be protected by limiting the number of visitors from the community.

D　 They should be designed to conform to the topography of the area.

5. Why does the author mention ″local parks and squares″ in lines 13-14 when talking about the Olmsted plan﹖ (理解)

A　 To emphasize the difficulties facing adoption of the plan

B　 To illustrate the comprehensive nature of the plan

C　 To demonstrate an omission in the plan

D　 To describe Seattle's landscape prior to implementation of the plan

6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about how citizens of Seattle received the Olmsted Report?(細節)

A　 They were hostile to the report's conclusions.

B　 They ignored the Olmsteds' findings.

C　 They supported the Olmsteds' plans.

D　 They favored the city council's seeking advice from another firm.

7. According to the passage? when was the Olmsted Report officially accepted as the master plan for the Seattle public park system﹖ (細節)

A　 1903 B　 1907 C　 1909 D　 1913

8. The word "sums"in line 20 is closest in meaning to (詞彙)

A　 problems B　 amounts C　 services ?D　 debts

9. According to the passage which of the following was most directly influenced by the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition?(理解)

A　 The University of Washington

B　 Brookline? Massachusetts

C　 The mayor of Seattle

D　The Seattle Parks Board

例如，9道題中有3道是考查詞彙的近義詞的;1道文章主旨題(通常是每篇文章必考的，出現於第一題或最後一題);3道細節題;2道理解題。文章主旨題通過第一遍閲讀考生就應已經形成了一個基本的概念，第二次閲讀只是驗證和加強理解的過程。3道詞彙題對於詞彙量較大的考生來説，可能不需再看文章就能做答。但是由於英語詞彙通常不只有一個意思，建議考生還是應該把該詞在文章中的位置找出，結合上下文確認其真正詞意。

對於細節題和理解、推理方面的題型，抓住題幹中的中心詞，找到其在文章中相對應的篇幅非常重要。例如第4題， 其中的中心詞為the views of the Olmsted Brothers firm.用快速scanning的方法，集中注意力於出現這個詞組的地方，在原文中很容易找到與題幹中中心詞相對應的 ″He and his brothers believed″ ，詳見原文下劃線處。

A　 They should be planted with trees that grow locally.

B　 They should provide a quiet? restful environment.

C　 They should be protected by limiting the number of visitors from the community.

D　 They should be designed to conform to the topography of the area.

原文中提到了local topography the area's trees and shrubs escape from the city quite restful　，唯獨沒有C項。所以答案很容易找出。

除了以上三點，掌握準確的定位方法對做題也是非常關鍵的。