that、which和 who定語從句

引導語：我們要學習以that, t-h-a-t,that, which, w-h-i-c-h,which和who, w-h-o, who 開頭的短句. 這種短句在整個句子裏有修飾的功用.首先我們還是聽一段對話, 內容是説彼得和瑪麗快要畢業了, 兩個人見面談起畢業典禮的事情.

F: Next week we graduate from high school. I can hardly wait.

M: But first there are two more examinations which I have to pass.

F: And there are three more papers that I have to write.

M: Did you get your cap and robe for the graduation ceremony?

F: Yes, but the robe which they gave me is too long. The person who gave it to me told me to take it back.

M: The one that they gave me is too short. Maybe we should trade.

在剛才那段對話裏有些句子包含了用 that, which 和 who 開頭的短句, 現在我

請英文老師再把這些句子念一遍給你聽.

M: There are two more examinations which I have to pass.

F: There are three more papers that I have to write.

F: The robe which they gave me is too long.

F: The person who gave it to me told me to take it back.

M: The one that they gave me is too short.

二

聽了剛才那段對話, 你可能已經注意到用一個短句來修飾一個詞的時候, 它的位置是在那個詞的後面,比方: "穿着長禮服戴着方帽子的學生," 英文應該這樣説:The students that wear long robes and caps with square tops.現在我們來練習這類句子, 每個句子都跟彼得和瑪麗快要畢業有關係. 現在請你注意聽男老師念句子. 然後跟着女老師把句子重複一遍.

M: There are two more examinations that Peter has to pass.

F: There are two more examinations that Peter has to pass.

M: There are three more papers that Mary has to write.

F: There are three more papers that Mary has to write.

M: Most students that graduate this year will attend the graduation ceremony.

F: Most students that graduate this year will attend the graduation ceremony.

M: The students that wear long robes and caps with square tops are graduating.

F: The students that wear long robes and caps with square tops are graduating.

三H

剛才那些句子裏用來修飾的`短句都是用that 開頭的, that 可以用來指人或是東西. 但是在專門指東西或事情的時候可以用 which, w-h-i-c-h, which 代替. The robe that they gave Mary is too long. 這句話也可以這樣説: The robe which they gave Mary is too long.

下面我們作一組練習, 學學這種句子, 練習的作法是由老師用 "什麼" what 提出一個問句, 比方 "什麼是文憑?" What is a diploma? 然後老師念一個用 which開頭的短句修飾的詞, 比方 "高中畢業生得到的文件" The paper which a high school graduate receives, 所以剛才那個問題的答案就是: "文憑是高中畢業生得到的文件." A diploma is the paper which a high school graduate receives. 在這組練習裏, 你可以學習到怎麼用英文來解釋什麼是 "學位" degree, d-e-g-r-e-e, degree, 什麼是 "畢業舞會" prom, p-r-o-m, prom 等等. 現在請你注意聽老師問問題, 並且在學生回答問題的時候也一起回答.

M: What is a graduation robe?

M: the robe which the graduates wear

F: A graduation robe is the robe which the graduates wear.

M: What is a graduation ceremony?

M: a ceremony which the graduates attend

F: A graduation ceremony is a ceremony which the graduates attend.

M: What is a diploma?

M: the paper which a high school graduate receives

F: A diploma is the paper which a high school graduate receives.

M: What is a degree?

M: the paper which a university or college graduate receives

F: A degree is the paper which a university or college graduate receives.

M: What is a prom?

M: the dance which the graduates go to

F: A prom is the dance which the graduates go to.

四

下面我們來學習用 who, w-h-o, who 作剛才那種短句, 比方有一句話: "老師就是教書的人" A teacher is a person who teaches. 在這句話裏, who 指的就是"人" person p-e-r-s-o-n, person.下面我們來作一組練習,首先由老師提出一個疑問句. 比方: "誰將在典禮上致辭?" Who will give a speech at the ceremony? 接着老師念出一個用 who 開頭的短句修飾的詞. 比方: "參加畢業典禮的官員們" The officials who attend the graduation ceremony. 所以剛才那個問題的答案就是: "參加畢業典禮的官員們將在典禮上致辭." The officials who attend the graduation ceremony will give a speech at the ceremony. 現在請你注意聽老師問問題, 並且在學生回答問題的時候也一起回答.

M: Who will wear long robes and caps with square tops?

M: the students who graduate

F: The students who graduate will wear long robes and caps with square tops.

M: Who will attend the graduation ceremony?

M: the students who graduate

F: The students who graduate will attend the graduation ceremony.

M: Who will receive a diploma?

M: the students who graduate from high schools

F: The students who graduate from high schools will receive a diploma.

M: Who will receive a degree?

M: the students who graduate from universities or colleges

F: The students who graduate from universities or colleges will receive a degree.

M: Who will make a speech at the ceremony?

M: the graduate who has the best record in school

F: The graduate who has the best record in school will make a speech at the ceremony.

五.從句修飾賓語

現在我們再來學習用短句. 在剛才作的幾組練習裏用的短句都是用來修飾主語的. 下面我們要用這種短句來修飾賓語. 比方有一句話: "父母和朋友向畢業的學生祝賀. "Parents and friends congratulated the students who graduated. 在這句話裏, 短句 who graduated 修飾句子裏的賓語 the students.下面我們來作一組練習把兩句簡單的話合併成用短句修飾賓語的句子. 練習的作法是這樣的: 老師先念一個句子 "彼得跟學生閒談" Peter chatted with the students, 接着老師又念第二個句子 "典禮中坐在他附近的學生" The students sat near him at the ceremony.請你用 who 把第二個句子改為短句, 用來修飾第一句話裏的 "學生", 所以答案就是 Peter chatted with the students who sat near him at the ceremony. 現在我們開始作練習, 每作完一句還是請你聽正確答案.

M: Peter talked to the student.

M: The student gave a speech at the graduation ceremony.

F: Peter talked to the student who gave a speech at the graduation ceremony.

M: Peter chatted with the students.

M: The students sat near him at the ceremony.

F: Peter chatted with the students who sat near him at the ceremony.

M: Parents and friends congratulated the students.

M: The students graduated.

F: Parents and friends congratulated the students who graduated.

M: Students met their friends and relatives.

M: Their friends and relatives came to the graduation ceremony.

F: Students met their friends and relatives who came to the graduation ceremony.

M: The graduates took pictures of their friends.

M: Their friends were in the same classes.

F: The graduates took pictures of their friends who were in the same classes.

下面我們用同樣的方式練習怎麼用以 which 開頭的短句來形容一個句子的賓語, 比方老師説: "學生聽演講" Students listened to the speech. 接着老師又説:"校長在典禮中演講" The principal gave a speech at the ceremony. 你就把第二句話改成短句來修飾第一句話裏的賓語 " 演講", 所以正確答案就是 Students listened to the speech which the principal gave at the ceremony. 好, 現在我們開始作練習, 每作完一句就請你聽正確答案.

M: Mary didn't like the robe.

M: She got the robe for the graduation ceremony.

F: Mary didn't like the robe which she got for the graduation ceremony.

M: Mary wore the robe.

M: She traded the robe with Peter.

F: Mary wore the robe which she traded with Peter.

M: Students listened to the speech.

M: The principal gave a speech at the ceremony.

F: Students listened to the speech which the principal gave at the ceremony.

M: Students were very happy to receive the diplomas.

M: They earned the diplomas.

F: Students were very happy to receive the diplomas which they earned.

M: Students showed each other the pictures.

M: They took the pictures.

F: Students showed each other the pictures which they took.

M: Students danced to the music.

M: The band played music at the prom.

F: Students danced to the music which the band played at the prom.

六.聽短文回答問題

今天我們要聽的文章是談到美國中學和大學的畢業典禮. 文章裏許多句子都是我們剛才練習過的, 比方哪些學生可以畢業, 在典禮上誰致辭, 典禮之後舉行畢業舞會, 畢業典禮是令人回味的活動等等.現在請你注意聽.

In American high schools and colleges, the last day of the school year is graduation day. The students who finish their last year in the school will graduate. The graduation ceremony is often in the school gymnasium. The people who come to watch the graduation are teachers, parents and friends of the graduates. Those students who will graduate will wear long robes and caps with square tops. The graduate who has the best record in school will make a speech. The school principal and other officials will also make speeches. Then each graduate will receive a piece of paper which has his name and the name of the school. The paper which the students receive in high school is a diploma. The paper which the students receive in college is a degree. After the ceremony, students often chat with their teachers, friends and relatives who come to congratulate them. They take pictures of each other. They will show each other these pictures a few nights later at the graduation prom. Graduation is a memorable event.

剛才那段文章你聽懂了嗎? 等一會兒我會請英文老師再用慢速度念一遍給你聽. 現在我們先來聽今天測驗的三個問題.

第一個問題是:

M: Who attends the graduation ceremony?

第二個問題是:

M: What do graduates do at the ceremony?

第三個問題是:

M: What do students often do after the ceremony?

現在我們再聽英文老師用慢速度把整段文章念一遍.

In American high schools and colleges, the last day of the school year is graduation day. The students who finish their last year in the school will graduate. The graduation ceremony is often in the school gymnasium. The people who come to watch the graduation are teachers, parents and friends of the graduates. Those students who will graduate will wear long robes and caps with square tops. The graduate who has the best record in school will make a speech. The school principal and other officials will also make speeches. Then each graduate will receive a piece of paper which has his name and the name of the school. The paper which the students receive in high school is a diploma. The paper which the students receive in college is a degree. After the ceremony, students often chat with their teachers, friends and relatives who come to congratulate them. They take pictures of each other. They will show each other these pictures a few nights later at the graduation prom. Graduation is a memorable event.

現在請你回答今天測驗的三個問題, 回答之後請你聽老師念正確答案.

第一個問題是:

M: Who attends the graduation ceremony?

F: The school principal, officials,the graduates, their teachers, parents and friends attend the graduation ceremony.

第二個問題是:

M: What do graduates do at the ceremony?

F: They listen to speeches, and they receive diplomas or degrees.

第三個問題是:

M: What do students often do after the ceremony?

F: They chat with their teachers, friends and also take pictures of each other.